Published on Aug 29, 2023 | 5:24 PM
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An ear infection occurs when fluid becomes trapped in the ear and becomes infected by bacteria or viruses. Ear infections most commonly affect the middle ear, a condition known as otitis media, but they can also involve the outer ear or inner ear.
Ear infections are especially common in children, though adults can develop them as well. Many ear infections resolve on their own, but some require medical treatment to relieve symptoms and prevent complications.
Symptoms vary depending on the type of ear infection and the age of the person affected.
Common symptoms include:
Ear pain or pressure
Decreased hearing or muffled sounds
Fluid drainage from the ear
Fever
Headache or dizziness
In children, symptoms may also include irritability, trouble sleeping, tugging at the ear, or reduced appetite.
Ear infections often develop after upper respiratory infections, such as colds or sinus infections. These illnesses can cause inflammation and fluid buildup that blocks the eustachian tube, creating an environment where bacteria or viruses can grow.
Allergies, exposure to tobacco smoke, and changes in air pressure can also increase the risk of ear infections.
Ear infections are classified based on the part of the ear affected.
Middle ear infections (otitis media) are the most common and occur behind the eardrum.
Outer ear infections (otitis externa), often called swimmer’s ear, affect the ear canal and are usually related to moisture or irritation.
Inner ear infections are less common and are typically associated with balance symptoms rather than pain.
Ear infections are diagnosed through symptom review and examination of the ear using an otoscope. In most cases, no additional testing is needed.
A healthcare provider evaluates the appearance of the eardrum and looks for signs of inflammation or fluid buildup to determine the best course of treatment.
Treatment depends on the type of infection, age, and severity of symptoms.
Some ear infections improve without antibiotics and are managed with pain relief and observation. When bacterial infection is suspected, prescription antibiotics may be recommended.
Pain management is an important part of treatment and may include over-the-counter pain relievers as advised by a healthcare provider.
Most ear infections resolve without complications, but untreated infections can occasionally lead to worsening pain, hearing problems, or spread of infection.
In children, repeated or persistent ear infections may affect hearing temporarily, which can impact speech development if not addressed.
Medical evaluation is recommended if ear pain is severe, symptoms last more than a few days, or fever is present. Urgent care is needed for severe pain, swelling around the ear, dizziness, or sudden hearing loss.
Call-On-Doc offers convenient, reliable care for ear infections through telehealth.
With a virtual visit, you can discuss symptoms with a licensed provider, determine whether treatment is needed, and receive prescriptions when appropriate — without an in-person clinic visit.
Healthcare that fits your life — not your calendar.
updated 1/26/2026 Shelly House, FNP, is a Family Nurse Practitioner and Call-On-Doc’s trusted medical education voice. With extensive experience in telehealth and patient-centered care, Ms. House is dedicated to making complex health topics simple and accessible. Through evidence-based content, provider collaboration, and a passion for empowering patients, her mission is to break down barriers to healthcare by delivering clear, compassionate, and practical medical guidance.
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